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The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) began when colonists (primarily from the United States) in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the increasingly centralist Mexican government. After a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of American settlers in Texas, hostilities erupted in October 1835. Texians (English-speaking settlers) disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. While delegates at the Consultation (provisional government) debated the war's motives, Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States defeated the small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835. The Consultation declined to declare independence and installed an interim government, whose infighting led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in Texas. An ill-conceived proposal to invade Matamoros siphoned much-needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling Texas army. In March 1836, a second political convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new Republic of Texas. Determined to avenge Mexico's honor, President Antonio López de Santa Anna vowed to personally retake Texas. His Army of Operations entered Texas in mid-February 1836 and found the Texians completely unprepared. Mexican General José de Urrea led a contingent of troops on the Goliad Campaign up the Texas coast, defeating all Texian troops in his path and executing most of those who surrendered. Santa Anna led a larger force to San Antonio de Béxar (or Béxar), where his troops defeated the Texian garrison in the Battle of the Alamo, killing almost all of the defenders. For the next month, a newly created Texian army under the command of Sam Houston steadily retreated towards the border with Louisiana; terrified civilians fled with the army, in a melee known as the Runaway Scrape. On March 31, Houston paused his men at Groce's Landing on the Brazos River, and for the next two weeks, the Texians received rigorous military training. Becoming complacent and underestimating the strength of his foes, Santa Anna further subdivided his troops. On April 21, Houston's army staged a surprise assault on Santa Anna and his vanguard force at the Battle of San Jacinto. The Mexican troops were quickly routed, and vengeful Texians executed many who tried to surrender. Santa Anna was taken hostage; in exchange for his life, he ordered the Mexican army to retreat south of the Rio Grande. Mexico refused to recognize the Republic of Texas, and intermittent conflicts between the two nations continued into the 1840s. The annexation of Texas as the 28th state of the United States, in 1845, led directly to the Mexican–American War. ==Background== (詳細はcolonize Texas in the late 17th century, Spain developed a plan to settle the region.〔Weber (1992), pp. 149–154.〕 On its southern edge, along the Medina and Nueces Rivers, Spanish Texas was bordered by the province of Coahuila.〔Edmondson (2000), p. 6.〕 On the east, Texas bordered Louisiana.〔Edmondson (2000), p. 10.〕 Following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States also claimed the land west of the Sabine River, all the way to the Rio Grande.〔Weber (1992), p. 291.〕 Although the United States officially renounced that claim as part of the Transcontinental Treaty with Spain in 1819,〔Spain did not ratify the treaty until February 1821, in the hopes that the delay would stop the Americans from recognizing Mexico as an independent country. Weber (1992), p. 300.〕 many Americans continued to believe that Texas should belong to their nation,〔Weber (1992), pp. 299–300.〕 and over the next decade the United States made several offers to purchase the region.〔 Following the Mexican War of Independence, Texas became part of Mexico. Under the Constitution of 1824, which defined the country as a federal republic, the provinces of Texas and Coahuila were combined to become the state Coahuila y Tejas.〔For the purposes of this article, "Texas" refers to the area north of the Medina and Nueces Rivers and west of the Sabine River. "Coahuila y Tejas" comprises both Texas and the province of Coahuila. The "Republic of Texas" includes Texas and the land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande.〕〔Manchaca (2001), pp. 161–2.〕〔Vazquez (1997), p. 51.〕 Texas was granted only a single seat in the state legislature, which met in Saltillo, hundreds of miles away.〔Davis (2006), p. 63.〕〔Edmondson (2000), p. 72.〕 After months of grumbling by ''Tejanos'' (Mexican-born residents of Texas) outraged at the loss of their political autonomy, state officials agreed to make Texas a department of the new state, with a ''de facto'' capital in San Antonio de Béxar.〔Davis (2006), p. 63.〕 Texas was very sparsely populated, with fewer than 3,500 residents,〔This number excludes native tribes.〕 and only about 200 soldiers,〔Edmondson (2000), p. 75.〕〔Weber (1992), p. 162.〕 which made it extremely vulnerable to attacks by native tribes and American filibusters.〔Weber (1992), p. 161.〕 In the hopes that an influx of settlers could control the Indian raids, the bankrupt Mexican government liberalized immigration policies for the region. Finally able to settle legally in Texas, Anglos from the United States soon vastly outnumbered the ''Tejanos''.〔David Weber (1992), p. 166, states that in 1830, there were approximately 7,000 foreign-born residents and 3,000 Mexican-born residents. Todish ''et al.'' (1998), p. 4, states that there were 16,000 Anglos and only 4,000 Mexican-born residents in Texas in 1830.〕〔Weber (1992), p. 166.〕〔Manchaca (2001), p. 164.〕 Most of the immigrants came from the southern United States. Many were slave owners, and most brought with them significant prejudices against other races, attitudes often applied to the ''Tejanos''. Mexico's official religion was Roman Catholicism, yet the majority of the immigrants were Protestants who distrusted Catholics.〔Davis (2006), pp. 60, 64.〕 Mexican authorities became increasingly concerned about the stability of the region.〔Lack (1992), p. 5.〕 The colonies teetered at the brink of revolt in 1829, after Mexico abolished slavery.〔Edmondson (2000), p. 80.〕 In response, President Anastasio Bustamante implemented the Laws of April 6, 1830, which, among other things, prohibited further immigration to Texas from the United States, increased taxes, and reiterated the ban on slavery.〔Manchaca (2001), p. 200.〕 Settlers simply circumvented or ignored the laws. By 1834, an estimated 30,000 Anglos lived in Coahuila y Tejas,〔Manchaca (2001), p. 201.〕 compared to only 7,800 Mexican-born residents.〔Manchaca (2001), p. 172.〕 In 1832, Antonio López de Santa Anna led a revolt to overthrow Bustamante.〔Davis (2006), p. 78.〕〔Winders (2004), p. 20.〕 Texians, or English-speaking settlers, used the rebellion as an excuse to take up arms. By mid-August, all Mexican troops had been expelled from east Texas.〔Davis (2006), p. 89.〕 Buoyed by their success, Texians held two political conventions to persuade Mexican authorities to weaken the Laws of April 6, 1830.〔Davis (2006), pp. 92, 95.〕 In November 1833 the Mexican government attempted to address some of the concerns, repealing some sections of the law and granting the colonists further concessions,〔Davis (2006), pp. 110, 117.〕 including increased representation in the state legislature.〔Vazquez (1997), p. 69.〕 Stephen F. Austin, who had brought the first American settlers to Texas, wrote to a friend that "Every evil complained of has been remedied."〔Davis (2006), p. 117.〕 Mexican authorities were quietly watchful, concerned that the colonists were maneuvering towards secession.〔Vazquez (1997), p. 67.〕〔Davis (2006), p. 120.〕 Santa Anna soon revealed himself to be a centralist, transitioning the Mexican government to a centralized government. In 1835, the 1824 Constitution was overturned; state legislatures were dismissed, militias disbanded.〔Davis (2006), p. 121.〕〔Hardin (1994), p. 6.〕 Federalists throughout Mexico were appalled. Citizens in the states of Oaxaca and Zacatecas took up arms.〔 After Santa Anna's troops subdued the rebellion in Zacatecas in May, he gave his troops two days to pillage the city; over 2,000 noncombatants were killed.〔Hardin (1994), p. 7.〕 The governor of Coahuila y Tejas, Agustín Viesca, refused to dissolve the legislature, instead ordering that the session reconvene in Béxar, further from the influence of the Mexican army.〔Davis (2006), p. 122.〕 Although prominent ''Tejano'' Juan Seguín raised a militia company to assist the governor, the Béxar ''ayuntamiento'' (city council) ordered him not to interfere,〔Lack (1992), pp. 21–2.〕 and Viesca was arrested before he reached Texas.〔Hardin (1994), p. 23.〕 Public opinion in Texas was divided.〔Lack (1992), pp. 24–6.〕 Editorials in the United States began advocating complete independence for Texas.〔Davis (2006), p. 131.〕 After several men staged a minor revolt against customs duties in Anahuac in June,〔Lack (1992), p. 25.〕 local leaders began calling for a public meeting to determine whether a majority of settlers favored independence, a return to federalism, or the status quo. Although some leaders worried that Mexican officials would see this type of gathering as a step towards revolution, by the end of August most communities had agreed to send delegates to the Consultation, scheduled for October 15.〔Lack (1992), pp. 31–2.〕 As early as April 1835, military commanders in Texas began requesting reinforcements, fearing the citizens would revolt.〔Lack (1992), p. 20.〕 Mexico was ill-prepared for a large civil war,〔Davis (2006), p. 198.〕 but continued unrest in Texas posed a significant danger to the power of Santa Anna and of Mexico. If the people of Coahuila also took up arms, Mexico faced losing a large portion of its territory. Without the northeastern province to act as a buffer, it was likely that United States influence would spread, and the Mexican territories of Nuevo Mexico and Alta California would be at risk of future American encroachment. Santa Anna had no wish to tangle with the United States, and he knew that the unrest needed to be subdued before the United States could be convinced to become involved.〔Davis (2006), p. 199.〕 In early September, Santa Anna ordered his brother-in-law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos, to lead 500 soldiers to Texas to quell any potential rebellion. Cos and his men landed at the port of Copano on September 20.〔Davis (2006), pp. 136, 138.〕 Austin called on all municipalities to raise militias to defend themselves.〔Davis (2006), p. 133.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Texas Revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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